Study on facial muscle activity and facial-skin movement while playing the French horn
by Takshi Hirano
While playing a French horn, many facial muscles form a playing-related configuration adjusting to the mouth piece, the so-called “embouchure”. Many French horn players said embouchure is very important to play appropriately. Additionally there are many textbooks related to playing brass instruments written by famous players, and these books noted that how important embouchure is. Therefore all brass players should train and develop their embouchure every day in order to control sounds. However, there are few studies on embouchure with scientific approach. Thus our team investigated the activity of the embouchure-related five facial muscles and facial-skin movement around the mouth during sound production by 10 trained French-horn players.
The research questions are:
- Does facial muscle activity change by pitch and loudness?
- Does embouchure configuration change by pitch and loudness?
We used small surface electromyograms (EMGs) to get facial muscle activity, and small reflecting markers to get the data of changing skin movement. EMGs were attached on the right-side of the face and small markers were attached on the left-side of the face (see Figure). Using his/her own French horn with their mouthpiece, each participant performed four sets of three successive 6 sec sustained tone productions at different levels of sound intensity. We calculated the mean EMGs at two phases; during sound production and just before sound production, and we measured distances of markers attached their face. Consequently, there were no difference in EMGs and distances of markers between the two phases. It suggest an appropriate formation of pre-attack embouchure was important to play the French horn successfully. We assume that an “off-pitch” tone attack on a real stage may be caused by an inappropriate embouchure setting.
EMGs in all muscles while playing the French horn increased linearly with an increase in pitch; they also increased with tone intensity without interacting with the pitch effect. Orofacial skin movement remained constant across all pitches and intensities except for lateral retraction of the lips during high-pitch tone production. Expert opinions on the embouchure muscle contraction vary from keeping relaxed to moderately tensed when engaged in all level of tone, or gradually tensed in relation to the level of pitch and intensity. Our findings clearly support the latter opinion. All facial muscles examined were activated continuously from the pre-attack phase to the end of tone production, and their activation levels were pitch- and intensity-dependent.
If you want to see more information, please check our article.
Hirano T., Kudo K., Ohtsuki T., and Kinoshita H. (2013). Orofacial muscular activity and related skin movement during the preparatory and sustained phases of tone production on the French horn. Motor Control, 17(3), 256-272.

Figure. EMG electrodes were attached on the right side of the face, and kinematic markers were attached on the left side of the face.
ホルン演奏時の表情筋と皮膚表面の動きに関する研究
"Study on facial muscle activity and facial-skin movement while playing the French horn"
By Takeshi Hirano
ホルンを演奏するとき、奏者はアンブシュアをつくるために多くの表情筋を活動させています。多くのホルン奏者は、アンブシュアをとても大事な要素だと思っており、有名なホルン奏者が書いた書籍にもアンブシュアの項目がありその要素性が記されています。すべての金管奏者は日々の演奏活動でアンブシュアを調整し、場合によってはアンブシュアを鍛えていく必要がありますが、これまでアンブシュアに関する科学的研究はほとんどありませんでした。そこで我々は10名のホルン奏者にご協力いただき、演奏中のアンブシュア形成に必要と考えられる唇周りの5つの表情筋の活動と唇周りの皮膚表面の動きを計測しました。
明らかにしたい項目は、次の2つです。
- 表情筋の活動は演奏する音高や音量によって変わるのか?
- 唇周りの形状は演奏する音高や音量によって変わるのか?
我々は図のように奏者の右顔に小型の表面筋電図、左顔に小型のマーカーを貼り付けることで、表情筋の活動と皮膚表面の動きを計測しました。奏者には自身の楽器とマウスピースを使用してもらい、さまざまな音高・音量を演奏してもらいました。そして、音を出している時と音を出す直前の表情筋の活動とマーカー間の距離をそれぞれ計算しました。その結果、表情筋の活動とマーカー間の距離は、ともに音を出している時と音を出す直前の値に違いはありませんでした。これは音を出す直前のアンブシュアの適切な調節が、音を正確に演奏するために必要な要素になっていることが考えられます。舞台上で演奏したときにみられる音をはずしてしまう現象は、もしかしたらこのアンブシュアの調節が適切に行われていないために起こると考えられます。
Scrisoare din Transilvania
Dragi prieteni,
Numele meu este Constantin-Lucian Tompa și sunt cornist în orchestra Operei Naționale Române din Cluj-Napoca. Am fost prim cornist pentru aproape 18 ani, până în stagiunea 2017-2018, când am ales să renunț la poziție și să trec la cornul 2, 3, etc. De asemenea, sunt profesor la Colegiul de muzică Sigismund Toduță din același oraș. M-am născut într-o familie de artiști: mama mea a fost designer vestimentar, iar tatăl meu a fost violonist în orchestra Operei Maghiare Cluj, instituție în care acum profesează ca și cornist fratele meu mai tânăr cu care am împărtășit de mici dragostea față de acest instrument, Sergiu-Florin Tompa. Accesând acest link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gx6ESO91HLE, îl puteți asculta cântând ca și solist alături de Filarmonica de Stat Transilvania în anul 2012, pe perioada studiilor de master. Amândoi ne-am format ca muzicieni în orașul nostru avându-i ca și profesori de specialitate pe Vasile Oprea (pe perioada gimnaziului și în liceu) și pe Alexandru Marc (pe perioada studiilor universitare și a masterului).
Nu doresc să scriu mai multe despre mine, ci prefer să supun atenției câteva lucruri din viața cornistică de aici din Cluj-Napoca, oraș din România care are o populație de aprox. 450,000 locuitori și este situat în binecunoscuta regiune numită Transilvania. Aici, instituțiile culturale principale sunt cele două opere (finanțate de către guvern) și anume Opera Națională Română (care anul acesta sărbătorește 100 de ani de la înființare) și Opera Maghiară de Stat; aceasta este o situație unică, deoarece orașul nostru a făcut parte din Imperiul Austro-Ungar până în anul 1918. O altă instituție culturală importantă este Filarmonica de Stat Transilvania, formată din Cor și Orchestră. Principalele instituții care fac posibilă continuitatea învățământului artistic muzical în Cluj-Napoca sunt Colegiul de muzică Sigismund Toduță și Academia Națională de Muzică Gheorghe Dima.
Cântatul la corn are o veche și puternică tradiție în Cluj-Napoca, dar în opinia mea, cel mai important aspect este legătura care se naște între cei care cântă la corn. Forța care unește corniștii din întreaga lume este foarte vie și aici, creând o frumoasă comunitate de corniști care gravitează în jurul dragului nostru profesor Alexandru Marc, (în vârstă de 64 de ani) care este prim cornist în orchestra Filarmonicii de Stat Transilvania și profesor de corn la Academia de Muzică Gheorghe Dima. Un om foarte pasionat, instrumentist virtuoz, care ca profesor s-a zbătut toată viața pentru ca studenții săi să învețe și să lucreze în cele mai prielnice condiții, să aibă instrumente de calitate, o persoană dedicată profesiei, care a transmis studenților pe lângă cunoștințe valoroase, dragostea pentru corn. Nu exagerez atunci când spun că toți corniștii profesioniști care acum lucrează în orchestrele instuțiilor de cultură din Cluj-Napoca au fost studenții săi la un moment dat.
Teaching the horn in 2019 “The Art of Playing with Others”
by David Byrd-Marrow
Greetings fellow horn enthusiasts! I’d like to thank the IHS for the opportunity to contribute my two cents.
When I was in high school in Atlanta, my first teacher, Richard Deane, used to end all of our lessons with duets. It was my favorite part of the lesson, playing with an all-star hornist and trying to mimic everything he did. I even had one of his homemade bell rests (and this was 1997!). In turn, I would play duets with my friends at school and in youth orchestra. I’ve since always loved playing duets, and I find the habit invaluable. I often travel with some sort of a duet book. It’s a great way to get to know your peers and have a good time, not to mention a great way to stay in shape. It also embodies the essence of most of what we do as musicians: listening, reacting and adjusting. You inevitably get inside the headspace of your partner, and it becomes a transcendent connection. I almost always feel closer to people after having had a duet hang.
After 15 years of freelancing in NYC, I’ve spent a lot of time considering what it is that gets you hired back to the gig. Once you get past the nonstarters like being a semi-agreeable person who can generally operate a French horn, there are other details and characteristics that come into play. In one form or another, I’ve recently found myself answering the following question a lot in masterclasses and mentoring settings:
“To what do you attribute your freelancing success?”
Under Construction - Backstage at IHS Online
by Dan Philips, Manager, IHS Online
In the early days of the World Wide Web it was common to see “Under Construction” banners prominently displayed on many sites. In reality, every website is constantly under construction and IHS Online is no exception. Almost daily, updates are need to some aspect of the site. At the moment, we’re in the idea and planning stages of a facelift that’s likely to happen within the next few months. With a site this size and depth - as of this moment 1,361 content pages, 6,444 classified ads since we absorbed hornplayer.net in 2011, 472,473 visits to the excerpts section since we absorbed hornxcerpts.org in 2014, and 10,899 registered user accounts - that takes careful planning and execution to accomplish without disrupting normal operations.
One of the important functions of the website is offering online voting for Advisory Council members - this year’s elections close on April 15, so if you are a member and haven’t yet voted either online or by mail, please visit your online polling station, log in to your account, and vote.
In addition to the public facing content and services, the IHS website also provides officers, staff and Advisory Council members with record keeping, internal communication and voting, membership records and management, automated Friendship Project and club membership discounts, and a host of other services.
In addition to keeping all of that running, I construct and send the bi-weekly Updates from the IHS newsletter that lists new classified ads, teacher database entries and section listings, and of course, this Horn and More newsletter.
Interview of the Month — Nancy Joy
Kristina Mascher-Turner: Dear Nancy, let’s start right off with the color purple! How did your love affair with this hue start, and what does it symbolize for you?
Nancy Joy: Kristina, this question made me literally laugh out loud…
A long, long time ago, in a galaxy far, far away when I was a little child, I was absolutely mesmerized by the color purple. This enchantment led me to wanting to surround myself completely with the color, much to my parents‘ surprise. They thought it was odd that their little girl was so adamant about the color purple and told me I needed to wear other colors. As you would guess, that thought process only “fueled my fire.” The color purple makes me smile and makes me very happy!!
KMT: How and when did you first become involved with the IHS?
NJ: My first IHS symposium was in 1980 at The Jacobs School of Music at Indiana University. It changed my life forever, for the better. The camaraderie, sessions, concerts and playing in the Grand Finale with 500 horn players, was an incredible memory that I will always treasure. The IHS became “a family” to me that year, inspiring me to continue to share the love of horn with many people!
KMT: Every international symposium has its own special vibe. What’s unique about IHS 51?
NJ: IHS 51 will truly be an inspiring, historically exceptional experience for all of us. From all that I have learned in working with our fabulous IHS 51 host, Jeroen Billiet, we will be even more connected to each other, when we experience the Ghentian Horn traditions. Also, IHS 51 is being held in a beautiful and historical location that will add even more ambience to the week of activities!! As you know, the architecture is absolutely incredible and our hosts, Jeroen & Rik, have planned a week of Featured Artist concerts and activities that will inspire everyone.
Let’s Wake that Dragon together and break the Guinness Book of World Records!!
KMT: On my way to Brazil for IHS 49, I remember texting you for some contact information. You casually sent a photo from your hotel room there, where water was gushing down from the ceiling! What are some of the strangest things you’ve had to deal with on-site as coordinator?
Malaysia's Country Representative, Chee Ghee Sim
My name is Chee Ghee Sim, and I've just started representing my country, Malaysia.
Malaysia consists of 13 states (11 in the Western Peninsula and 2 on the island of Borneo) and is a fairly "young" country as far as horn playing is concerned. We were a British colony until 1957. Music was then limited to the school marching bands, which are still very active today. Most of the school bands use either the Eb Alto Horn or Eb Mellophone for the horn parts, although some of the better-funded schools are slowly changing over to the horn.
I studied horn in Munich, Germany with Otto Schmitz and Johannes Ritzkowsky. After 4 years playing with the Staatstheater Cottbus in Germany, I joined the newly-founded Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra (MPO) from 1998, where I still presently play.
The MPO is the largest orchestra here (105 musicians from all over the world, including 6 horn players). The ensemble collaborates with renowned conductors and soloists. It has also hosted a number of prominent horn soloists in the past, including Radovan Vlatkovic, Marie-Luise Neunecker, Radek Baborak and Barry Tuckwell (as guest conductor). More info at www.mpo.com.my
Apart from the MPO, there are 2 other full-time orchestras in the capital city, Kuala Lumpur. The Orkestra Simfoni Kebangsaan (National Symphony Orchestra, 43 musicians with 2 horns) and the DBKL Orchestra (Kuala Lumpur City Council Orchestra, 50 musicians with 4 horn players). There are also a number of community symphony orchestras and symphonic bands in the capital as well as in other states; the most active ones are in Kuala Lumpur, Penang, Perak, Selangor, Melaka, Johor Seremban, Pahanag in the peninsula and Sabah in Borneo.
I hope to able to form a horn community here in the near future by organizing gatherings, workshops, ensembles, clinics, etc. and with the support of IHS.
Regards,
CG
Representing the IHS in the UK - Amy Thakurdas
Amy Thakurdas is the country representative for the United Kingdom where she was previously on the committee for the British Horn Society. This year she has encouraged players to join the IHS and attend the symposium in Ghent, Belgium. An octet from Oxford Horns will be performing, and this will be the first symposium for all 8 new members. Amy also encouraged her friends in the Coldstream Guards who also joined the IHS and are performing at IHS 51 in Ghent.
Upcoming events
Royal Birmingham Conservatoire (one of the UK's most prestigious schools of music) is hosting a masterclass for Sarah Willis on 19th & 20th June at their conservatoire. The Coldstream Guards will be performing the Beethoven Sextet on natural horns on 25th April. Their annual 'Horns at the Movies 2' concert is 26th June. On 29th June they’ll be performing the Schumann Konzertstück. All concerts are at Guards Chapel, London.
Amy Thakurdas, N.D. is the musical director of Oxford Horn choir, which has ensemble playing opportunities for local players. Amy has played the horn for decades in London and Oxford orchestras, as well as in Los Angeles. In 2020 she will complete her two-year series of solo concerts titled Romance your Soul. Amy heads the editorial section of the Music, Health and Science column in The Horn Call.