Interview « Georges Barboteu »
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| Hervé Joulain et Georges Barboteu |
Au moment où nous célébrons le centenaire de la naissance de Georges Barboteu, c’est certainement un projet très personnel que ce Cd. Comment cela est-il venu à ton esprit? Peux-tu nous en dire davantage?
Avant tout, en France, chaque corniste a une infinie tendresse et admiration pour Georges Barboteu, y compris ceux qui n’ont jamais reçu de lesson de sa part, et même la jeune génération qui n’a pas connu le Maître. Cela est certainement du à son imposante personnalité et à son talent de touche à tout. Au cours de ses études musicales, il a appris le cor avec son père (1er Cor à la Radio d’Alger), mais aussi la contrebasse pour parer à un éventuel accident de sport! Il a également étudié l’écriture, l’harmonie et le contrepoint avant de s’adonner à la musique de Jazz auprès du pianiste Martial Solal (96 ans aujourd’hui et toujours vivant!)
Arrivé en France, il partage sa vie entre Paris et sa tendre-aimée Corse, se donnant intensément dans de nombreuses activités. À l’orchestre, au sein des meilleures phalanges, en enseignant, aussi bien au Supérieur qu’à la Ville de Paris, mais aussi lors de stages estivaux, en écrivant de la musique (pas seulement pour le cor), en organisant et participant à des séances de studio pour des musiques de films (au cor et au sifflet!), en jouant dans le quintette de cuivres Ars Nova et aux Philharmonistes de Chateauroux, ensemble qu’il dirige parfois, et bien sûr via une carrière de soliste au travers l’Europe (concerts et enregistrements)
De fait, son omniprésence sur la scène musicale alliée à son grand charisme le place numéro un dans l’hexagone. Entre tout cela, ses compositions participent éminemment à en faire un artiste complet et de légende.
Quel importance à eu Georges Barboteu dans l’école française et en particulier dans ta propre carrière?
En dehors du typique vibrato Français de l’époque, j’aimerai insister davantage sur ses indéniables qualités musicales. Du fait des ses riches et éclectiques études en Algérie et ensuite en France, il en a développé une façon unique de trouver une liberté inspirée, quand il souffle dans son cor. À propos, il aimait chanter ou siffler, preuve irréfutable qu’il cherchait bien une certaine aisance dans le discours.
Il est difficile de parler de ses jeunes années (il arrive en France vers 1940) mais ma supposition est la suivante: comme le cor à piston n’est pas nécessairement l’idéal dans la réalisation de la virtuosité, Georges Barboteu a dû developper sa propre via maestra pour rendre son instrument aussi intéressant qu’un violon, qu’une flûte ou un piano.

Durant mon enfance, j’avais honte de me balader avec une boîte de cor toute biscornue… Il faut dire que le cor était très rare dans ma région et que j’étais trop timide pour assumer ce cuivre, de surcroît choisi par mon grand-père! À la découverte de disques 33T (les fameux vinyls, on les appelait les disques noirs!) de Ferenc Tarjány, Alan Civil, Dennis Brain, Hermann Baumann, Barry Tuckwell), j’ai eu la belle surprise de voir que grâce à Georges Barboteu, en France une carrière de soliste était imaginable, donc je jouais bien un instrument… noble! En développant et affirmant un statut de soliste pour le cor (tout comme Maurice André à la Trompette), Georges Barboteu m’a ouvert une voie royale en me donnant la foi de croire en mon instrument comme soliste. Depuis, en 40 ans, j’ai joué avec 140 orchestres différents, aussi, je suis ô-combien reconnaissant envers mon ex-professeur!
La France a compté de nombreux fameux cornistes/pédagogues/compositeurs dans le passé, crois-tu que Georges Barboteu à une place aussi importante que Dauprat ou Gallay?
Oui, bien sûr et il a l’avantage d’être arrivé postérieurement, profitant de ce qu’il aura apprit des grands figures que tu mentionnes, comme Louis François Dauprat (1781-1868), Jacques François Gallay (1795-1864), mais aussi François Brémond (1844-1925) un incroyable compositeur pour le cor. Mr Barboteu est peut-être même davantage intéressé à écrire de la musique de chambre que juste écrire pour le cor. Je classerai dans une autre catégorie les nombreux ouvrages ou études techniques qu’il a produit, pensant qu’il voulait simplement aider ses actuels et futurs étudiants à progresser.
Quel enseignant était Georges Barboteu? Comment peux-tu définir son style et ses priorités dans sa pédagogie?
Je n’oublierai jamais ma première leçon, tant elle fut impressionnante, participant à un stage d’été à la Cité Universitaire de Paris. Il y avait à mes côtés 15 ou 20 étudiants que le Maître connaissait déjà. Dès lors, sans surprise il me demanda de jouer en premier! Quelle impressionnante situation que de ne pas connaître le niveau des élèves autour de vous. En dépit de mon mauvais grave, de mes trilles irréguliers et de mon lent staccato simple, cela s’est bien passé et le Boss m’invita à rejoindre sa classe au Conservatoire du Centre dès la rentrée suivante! Parfois, il nous arrivait de venir tôt, afin de consacrer toute la matinée à un travail technique utile et bienvenu. La plupart du temps, étrangement, nous jouions les exercices tous ensemble, ce qui n’autorise pas vraiment le contrôle de chacun. Je pense que notre professeur voulait optimiser ce temps pour nous apprendre un maximum de formules et phrases. Concernant les cours habituels, nous jouions naturellement individuellement et toujours avec un accompagnement de piano. À propos des incontournables concertos de Mozart (requis pour toute audition), Georges Barboteu était plutôt directif et ne faisait pas dans la demi-mesure, en nous demandant de noter toutes les nuances et indications diverses au stylo bille, en ajoutant que ce serait pour toute la vie!
Cela serait sans doute considéré comme une pédagogie autoritaire aujourd’hui, mais je pense qu’il voulait juste effacer nos défaut et produire une version de base acceptable en toute circonstance. À propos des auditions à venir, il disait qu’au premier couac, nous serions disqualifiés!
Quel est son style de composition? Était-ce difficile de choisir les oeuvres pour ton project d’enregistrement?
Depuis que je travaille à l’hommage du 100ème anniversaire de sa naissance, tant de pièces méritent d’y figurer que j’ai en tête de réaliser 2 différents albums. Les critères varient entre l’évidence du choix d’une œuvre majeure et la volonté de donner sa chance à une pièce peu connue ou jamais enregistrée. Ici, j’ai choisi majoritairement des quatuors de cor et un quintette pour cor et quatuor à cordes. Un éventuel volume 2 pourra offrir plus d’études ou encore davantage de pièces de chambre pour bois, pour cuivres, ou des formations plus hétéroclite tel que hautbois, cor et piano ou flûte, cor et harpe. Si jamais le présent enregistrement trouve son public, je continuerai à partager de la musique jamais publiée…
Le style de la musique de Georges Barboteu a changé tout au long de sa vie, à commencer par l’influence du jazz, pas tant pour le côté « improvisation » que les effets rythmiques qu’il a su recréer, cela ajouté au style Peplum (Noël). Ensuite G.B. a écrit la typique musique cynégétique pour cor (QuartettoN1, Quartetto N2, Sologne, Flutacoranne, Saisons). L’ensemble de sa musique pour vents est facile d’écoute, mixant des thèmes traditionnels ou des chants folkloriques légers issus du 20ème siècle (Esquisse, Chansonnerie, Prélude et Divertissement, Caricatures, Fresque). Suite à des séjours à Darmstadt auprès de Stockhausen, il s’est tourné vers la musique dite « contemporaine" (Trio pour un Colloque, Formule 6, Fa7, Pièce pour Quentin) puis il a écrit plus dense avec des sentiments forts, peut-être sous la contrainte de la douleur physique, suite à des problèmes de santé.
Quoi qu’il en soit, ses racines méditerranéennes ont produit une musique pleine d’esprit, de joie, de gaité, d’humour, enjouée… Je confirme que le Maestro était avec nous toujours de bonne humeur, agréable et poli.
Pour ceux qui ne connaitraient pas bien la musique de Georges Barboteu, et qui voudraient la découvrir ou même en acheter les partitions, quels en sont les éditeurs?
Quand elle est publiée, en général ses morceaux sont représentés par l’éditeur français Choudens (maison fondée dès 1945 par Antoine de Choudens). Aujourd’hui cette société appartient au groupe anglo-saxon Wise Music Group, qui possède également Chester Music (Francis Poulenc, Igor Stravinsky). Néanmoins il est possible de commander la plupart des pièces de G. Barboteu auprès de l’antenne française de Wise: https://www.wisemusicclassical.com/wmcparis.
Comment vois-tu l’héritage de Georges Barboteu et réussis-tu à l’imaginer dans le futur?
Assurément, avec son approche toute sienne face à une partition pour cor, et son habilité à explorer toute manière de chanter, Barboteu nous a ouvert les yeux sur le pouvoir illimité de l’expression dans la musique. Ce leg va rester, car il est bien né et basé sur le bon goût, on n’est pas dans la gesticulation. On touche là l’immense atout de la musique classique qui préserve et développe des traditions stylistiques. Ce n’est qu’avec de bonnes fondations qu’un édifice restera stable et indemne dans le temps. Les japonais ont sorti au Cd les enregistrements du légendaire flûtiste Marcel Moyse (1889-1984) et je m’en réjouis. Le préambule pour devenir musicien professionnel est de connaître les différentes écoles stylistiques de par le monde. C’est pourquoi je ressens comme une responsabilité de promouvoir au moins la musique de cet immense artiste. J’encourage tout corniste à écouter les enregistrements de Georges Barboteu, qui sont toujours uniques et précieux. On prend une leçon sur ce que signifie être un interprète…
Ton enregistrement contient des particularités et et des innovations, déjà parce que tu a enregistré toi-même toutes les parties de cor. Quels furent tes défis?
Ce fut un vrai plaisir et une grande joie de définir en amont d’un protocol d’enregistrement afin d’atteindre la qualité attendue, et ce, gardant le naturel d’une version de concert. Je dois quand même confesser qu’il n’y a rien de plus agréable que de faire de la musique avec des amis, des collègues… ou les 2 en même temps! Le fait est qu’il m’était impossible d’avoir à mes côtés 3 cornistes pour une semaine outre Rhin. À partir de là, cela devint intéressant de trouver des moyens techniques pour imiter parfaitement un quatuor de cors.
À commencer par la position dans la salle (dans la salle de concert d’Engelbert Schmid -Mindelsaal en Bavière), la délicate position des microphones pour arriver à un stéréophonie réaliste. Puis définir l’ordre d’enregistrement des parties, sachant avant où s’arrêter, en jouant ou pas la première note du passage suivant, quelle longueur tenir un point d’orgue… Si on veut que la respiration s’entende, et plein d’autres questions comme l’utilisation du métronome dans la pièce nommée Noël, qui ne cesse de s’arrêter et de reprendre! Se trouver face à certaines réalités fut parfois un vrai challenge qui m’a fait débattre intensément avec l’ingénieur du son Hans Lorenzen, mais honnêtement je dois dire que changer de voix était si rafraîchissant que je ne me suis jamais senti fatigué ou épuisé à jouer. Ce fut aussi très rassurant d’écouter plage après plage des phrasés homogènes. Nous faisions le montages des 4 voix sur place, donc j’avais beaucoup de temps de repos. Je me projette déjà enregistrant le sextuor pour cors de G. Barboteu!

Que voudrais-tu ajouter ou bien mettre en avant? As-tu déjà d’autres projets à venir?
À propos de Barboteu, le projet suivant est un autre Cd d’hommage, incluant plus de musique de chambre et hélas pour certains une ou deux oeuvres sans cor! Pour tout ceux qui voudraient en savoir davantage sur Georges Barboteu, je les invite à s’offrir mon album, qui contient un joli livret en Français, Anglais et Allemand, où Pascal Lagrange parle de sa vie, et moi-même de chacune des pièces du Cd. Le nom Centenaire Georges Barboteu a été déposé à l’INPI, non pour acquérir quoi que ce soit, mais afin de me protéger. Je ne verrai jamais le bicentenaire de la naissance de G.B., mais je reste convaincu que ce 100ème anniversaire va intéresser autour de nous pour un belle décennie! Dans mon enregistrement, je suis fier de 2 choses: avoir eu l’idée de demander à Pascal Proust d’harmoniser 2 études pour cor et piano (j’ai su depuis que Mr Barboteu en avait eu l’idée un jour en enseignant!) et d’avoir imaginé le petit bonus à la fin du Cd, qui restera une surprise, donc je ne vais ici en dire plus…
Je suis très reconnaissant envers Maître Barboteu pour sa gentillesse et son fantastique Triptyque pour cor et quatuor à cordes (qui m’est dédié). Une petite anecdote: la première fois que je l’ai rencontré à ce stage d’été, j’avais 15 ans et j’étais accompagné par mon grand-père. Après cette rencontre, toute sa vie, Georges Barboteu m’a demandé des nouvelles de mon grand-père, quelle mémoire! Comme il n’est décédé qu’à l’âge de 96 ans, j’ai lu ai donné des nouvelles de nombreuses fois!
Le fait d’admirer des cornistes importants du passé, ne fait pas de nous des citoyens tournés vers le passé, on peut les honorer et porter en avant ces esprits hors du commun, pour notre plus grand bien. Le futur est enthousiasmant…
Hervé JOULAIN, le 20 Mars 2024
A Premiere in Sri Lanka
by Vidhurinda Samaraweera
In the busy month of March, the horn community in Sri Lanka, experienced a significant milestone. Despite the island's long history of orchestral music, stretching over six decades, no Sri Lankan orchestra had ever performed a complete Mahler symphony. The country has been home to numerous distinguished classical musicians, some of whom received their education in renowned conservatories and music schools around the world. However, the orchestral landscape has remained somewhat unchanged. This stagnation is not due to a lack of expertise or knowledge, but rather a lack of vision. Established organizations have clung to their historical ideals of elitism and isolation, thereby maintaining an amateur outlook. However, the formation of the Gustav Mahler Orchestra of Colombo in 2018 has provided a beacon of hope for passionate local musicians.
Under the leadership of Maestro Srimal Weerasinghe, the orchestra made history by premiering Gustav Mahler's Fourth Symphony on March 16th, 2024, at the Lionel Wendt Theatre in Colombo, and the concert was aptly named "The Heavenly Life."
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The Gustav Mahler Orchestra of Colombo at the Premiere conducted by maestro Srimal Weerasinghe (Image courtesy: Sagara Lakmal de Mel Photography)
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The performance featured the talented Sri Lankan mezzo-soprano, Rachel Halliday, who is currently a vocal teacher at the Royal Opera House of Oman. This was not just a Sri Lankan first, but also a South Asian premiere since Mahler's Fourth Symphony had never been performed in the region before.
I had the honor of leading the horn section as principal in this momentous premiere. My colleagues in the section were Jude Fernando, Senira Prematilleke, Ashan Madhusanka, and Thihela Somasiri. It was a dynamic section in which the youngest member was just 13 years old and the oldest 58 years old. Young Thihela is still in high school. Senira has left high-school and is expecting entry into college. Ashan is a Western music teacher based in the Southern Province of Sri Lanka. Jude is a retired serviceman now working as a freelance musician. Most notably, we are all Sri Lankan.
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(left to right) Vidhurinda Samaraweera, Jude Fernando, Thihela Somasiri, Ashan Madhusanka, Senira Prematilleke
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The concert was attended by numerous musicians and music enthusiasts, and the performance was met with widespread acclaim. I am confident that the horn section’s performance has set a new standard for future performances in Sri Lanka.
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In the heart of the Indian subcontinental region is an island nation that has been instrumental in the growth and development of horn playing. The reason is simple: Sri Lanka is home to a passionate community of capable players who are eager to learn. The Indo-Sri Lankan region, a place of rich cultural heritage, is home to a single professional orchestra, the Symphony Orchestra of India (SOI), established in 2006. Interestingly, this orchestra's horn section is exclusively composed of foreign musicians, primarily Europeans. While the horn is occasionally featured in military bands, its presence among locals is rare. This has led to a unique situation where the demand for horn players is significantly higher in India than in Sri Lanka. As a result, Indian orchestras often extend invitations to their Sri Lankan counterparts for concerts.
Collaborations with horn players and communities beyond our region present the opportunity to bring a wealth of global expertise and knowledge to our region. By establishing sustainable educational platforms, we can share the rich knowledge we acquire from these collaborations with a wider audience, thereby opening our region to the world. As we stand on the brink of this exciting journey, let the regular reports to come serve as stepping stones to establishing a thriving hub for horn performance and education in South Asia. This is not just a dream, but a vision that we are bringing to life, one note at a time.
Let us, together, create a future where the horn sounds echo throughout our region, inspiring generations to come. Stay tuned for more updates in the forthcoming editions of Horn and More. For more information on the exciting developments in my region, feel free to reach out to me at vidhurinda@gmsc.lk.
IHS 56—Horns on the Horizon
by John McGuire
Hello fellow hornists!
This month has seen a flurry of activities in preparation for our August IHS 56 Symposium. The team has spent several weeks crafting what we believe will be a very strong schedule for the week. We have many wonderful performances, presentations, masterclasses, and other exciting events, and I would encourage everyone to go through the schedule—which is now posted at www.hornsonthehorizon.com—and find all the sessions and concerts that interest you. I guarantee that there are many opportunities for everyone to learn and be inspired!
Of course, we are all excited about the Featured Artists’ performances and masterclasses—who wouldn’t be! But I would like to draw special attention to a few other exciting offerings. Notably, there will be a large number of outstanding Contributing Artists sharing their talents and new works for horn, and presenting research that pertains to all of us. I personally can’t wait to see and hear them all…or at least as many as I can physically attend!
Additionally, we will be hosting late-night sessions after the evening concerts. These sessions will be informal interviews with many of our Featured Artists. It will be a chance for all of us to sit down with these icons of the horn world and get to know them in a more comfortable, relaxed atmosphere. (If you have ever had the chance to see the American television program Inside the Actors’ Studio, that’s how I envision these gatherings.)
Last, please make plans to attend what will surely be a wonderful and emotional tribute concert to Hermann Baumann, who recently passed away. Undoubtedly one of the finest horn players in history, Hermann’s impact on players around the world cannot be overstated, and it’s difficult to imagine someone who has had a greater influence on so many. This concert will be the featured evening performance on Thursday, August 1st—which would have been Baumann’s 90th birthday. There will be many terrific individual performances and tributes, and I’m sure there won’t be a dry eye in the house.
Please register now for IHS 56, if you have not already done so. We look forward to seeing you in Colorado!
Composer Spotlight—Radie Britain
by Caiti Beth McKinney
Hello everyone!
This month, I’d like to introduce you to a composer I’ve only learned about very recently, Radie Britain. Born in 1899 in rural Texas, Radie (pronounced RAY-dee) was a highly successful composer during her lifetime who specialized in orchestral music with a Southwestern flair. Originally a pianist and organist, by the time she was in her mid-twenties, Radie had traveled to Europe to study composition with German composer Albert Noelte. Britain’s works for orchestra are very much in the style of late-Romantic German music while featuring subjects from the United States. Among her output are pieces such as Southern Symphony, Cowboy Rhapsody, Cactus Rhapsody, and Musical Portrait of Thomas Jefferson which would later be renamed Epic Poem. One of my favorites of her recorded orchestral compositions is her Heroic Poem, written in 1948; it features a lovely horn solo at around the 7-minute mark that is well worth a listen!
Although many of her works are for large ensembles, Radie also composed an impressive number of chamber works for a wide variety of groupings, several of which involve or feature the horn. First and most notably is a piece entitled In the Beginning, which is available both for unaccompanied horn and for horn quartet. It is unclear at the time of this writing whether the piece began as the solo version or vice versa, but, luckily for us, both are published and available for purchase online. Britain also composed a brass quartet called Adoration, several brass quintets including Ode to NASA (yes, the American space agency NASA!) and Awake to Life, and at least one woodwind quintet, Four Sarabandes. Although, to my knowledge, none of these chamber pieces has been recorded, if they are even half the quality of her outstanding orchestral pieces, any intrepid horn player who wants to dust off these long-neglected works is sure to be in for a wonderful treat.
Student Column—Preparing for Performance Anxiety
by Inman Hebert
Whether playing for juries, recitals, or even important concerts, many collegiate horn players have felt the effects of performance anxiety. Symptoms may include dry mouth, shaking muscles, shortness of breath, sweaty palms, and more. Experiencing performance anxiety is perfectly normal; however, learning how to prepare for and manage nerves is critical to the evolution of horn students in elevating our performances.
Musical preparation and visualization are the initial steps to managing anxiety. If a student cannot play a piece consistently in the practice room, no amount of managing nerves will overcome poor preparation. After a piece becomes second nature, performing the music in our practice sessions, including others (fellow students, for example) as our audience, and being creative in simulating performance conditions can give us the confidence to perform under pressure. Aside from regular musical preparation, visualization of successful performances can also help mitigate anxiety. Imagine warming up pre-performance, stepping on stage, and playing the music. These steps can make a performance feel familiar instead of foreign, and this helps a horn player stay focused in the moment which leads to more success.
Recognizing and accepting performance anxiety symptoms as our body’s normal reaction to pressure allows us to refocus our energy on coping strategies. Physically, hydrate with water and limit caffeine intake the days before a performance since caffeine can raise adrenaline levels and worsen the effects of stress. Anxiety can trigger dry mouth, muscle tension, and shallow breathing; however, incorporating stress reduction techniques into our pre-performance can alleviate these symptoms. Stretching releases tension and helps improve posture. Deep breathing lowers our heart rate and blood pressure, and reduces stress hormones. Airflow is foundational to our horn playing. Take a deep breath, exhale slowly, and connect to the present moment.
Mentally, reframe your emotions and develop mindfulness. Interpret your anxiety as excitement, and create a mental checklist of positive performance memories. Hear the music in your head and remember how you want it played. Having the right mindset before and during the performance can help mitigate anxiety. Accepting that mistakes may happen, not all performances will go well, and perfection is unrealistic helps us not to panic and to stay in the moment. Instead of dwelling on a mistake just made, an upcoming phrase, or pending feedback, refocus on the present. Your audience will most likely appreciate your authentic self who communicates a convincing musical message over technical perfection.

Many horn professionals share experiences of overcoming performance anxiety. As horn students, we cannot see anxiety as taboo. Instead, we must view it as another area to navigate. With proper mental and physical preparation tools, we can manage performance anxiety, allowing our musical selves to shine.
Greeting from Ricardo Matosinhos
Dear Subscriber,
March has arrived, and depending on your location on the globe, this also signals the onset of spring in the northern hemisphere and autumn in the southern hemisphere. In either case, it is a time of transition from extreme hot or cold weather, which is particularly significant for horn players, as it allows for more time spent outdoors in nature.
In line with this, please enjoy Pastoral, a piece I composed inspired using the natural sounds of the horn. The composition incorporates open sounds, stopped sounds, and echo effects, with indicated fingerings designed to mimic the natural horn, taking advantage of modern horn capabilities to swiftly change crooks. It begins with the gentle beating of a brass mute against the mouthpiece, followed by stopped notes producing a wah-wah effect, and even includes a whistle-like sound reminiscent of wind in the forest, and it allows time to remove the mute.
The horn, originating from the horns of animals, shares its name, not surprisingly, with them in most languages. The sound of a horn holds special significance when played in harmony with nature. So, I encourage you to take your horn outdoors and play! Better yet, invite your friends along, for while playing the horn solo is magical, the true glory of the instrument is revealed when played together in a group. I have a personal theory that, excluding some mythological creatures, all animals in nature have horns in pairs, which may explain why the horn sounds magnificent when performed as part of an ensemble.
In the March issue of the Horn and More Newsletter, as usual, you can expect a variety of articles to keep you engaged with your instrument. These articles may inspire your practice, introduce new music for your next recital, provide topics for your research, or simply offer more information related to our beloved instrument. The International Horn Society (IHS) has been a source of inspiration for me in so many ways, particularly through the opportunity to connect with a community of individuals who are passionate about playing, researching, or simply enjoying the horn. If you are not yet a member of the IHS, I encourage you to join our this wonderful community and experience the enjoyment it brings.
Ricardo Matosinhos, IHS Representative for Portugal
A Warm-Up or a Burn Up?
by Matthew Haislip
Assistant Professor of Horn, Mississippi State University
A well-balanced warm-up may be the single most important aspect of the horn playing experience. It is in this daily time spent on the various fundamental components of our instrument that efficiency and refinement are cultivated. It is where we train the subconscious connection of our inner musician to the instrument. However, hornists often play a “warm-up” that is far too strenuous. It becomes a “burn up” instead and can lead to burn out, physically, mentally, and emotionally. A “burn up” session will take one backwards in development, not forwards. I’ve been there many times. I was frustrated as a student that my dedicated work on a daily warm-up led to injury and reduced sensitivity and range. It’s not necessarily our fault, either. We look at the exercises in the well-known routines in publication and believe we need to play them from start to finish as written. Each overtone series. Each variation. Each tempo. Each note of the range. In doing so, we are missing the goal of warming up altogether. We also miss that many of these authors did not intend for every single item in their warm-up routines to be played every single day as written.
According to Oxford Languages, the definition of a warm-up is to “prepare for physical exertion or a performance by exercising or practicing gently beforehand.” Notice the word gently. Interesting, yes? How often do we finish our warm-up feeling adequately prepared for subsequent physical exertion or a performance? How often do we prepare for the playing day in a gentle manner? Do we end our warm-up session feeling empowered to face whatever playing demands come our way? Or do we feel as though the warm-up was all we could play for the day? Is our warm-up session an entire hour in length with little to no respite? To be sure, the warm-up needs built-in times of rest to restore our strength before moving on to the next area of work. Perhaps not every day should have the exact same warm-up. On heavy ensemble playing days, it needs to be short enough to conserve our endurance to last the day. This could be fifteen to twenty-five minutes. That is plenty of time to ready our playing gently and thoroughly. A day free of ensemble playing could see us lengthen the warm-up into a fundamental workshop of a couple of well-spaced hours, provided there is ample rest time built in. We should be able to adjust our warm-up time for whatever life throws at us…which might include a traffic jam allowing no warm-up at all before a gig!
What should a solid warm-up include? This question will vary with everyone’s experience, but there is a reason why sustained tones, chromatic slurs, overtone series slurs, scales, and other familiar exercises are so common. I feel that a good warm-up is centered around the idea of developing a characteristic sound in the middle register and then taking that sound across the range of the instrument with smoothness, flexibility, and varied articulation. I like to start with some mouthpiece buzzing in the car on the way to my first destination and then work in this order once I arrive: easy middle and low range chromatic slurs with limited long tones establishing a beautiful free sound before moving on to various overtone series slurs, scales, and flexibility exercises. It is important for me to spend a few brief moments on loud and soft extremes, too. I touch a couple of soft high entrances and play a short etude fragment or solo passage to finish. My warm-up can take as little as needed or can go forty-five minutes with breaks built in. I try to vary things a bit each day, too. To me, a warm-up is also about our mentality. At the end of our warm-up, we need to be able to confirm that we have adequately prepared our mind and body to make beautiful music on the horn. The mental act of connecting our subconscious mind to the instrument can help us be ready to make music before we even play one note—which is helpful for the rare occasions we are not afforded time to warm up!
One key way the warm-up could be streamlined from an exhausting session to an efficient one is to change from playing every single exercise in each key or overtone series on the horn to playing them in only one to four different keys. This keeps the lips fresh and actually allows for more exercises to be played in our warm-up time. Instead of getting through just one or two overtone series slur patterns, for instance, one could play a variety of several different slur exercises in different keys. This trains the coordination of air speed and sound production far better while keeping the mind engaged and free of boredom from monotonous repetition. It isn’t true that we won’t be ready to play unless we play each exercise in every single valve combination. Two or three series can be sufficient to solidify the approach to the pattern. We can explore new challenges in this time by improvising new exercises or by trying a wide variety of the already-published exercises in our fundamental repertoire. This applies to the way we practice each fundamental, especially scales. We can play some scales in different patterns, some quickly, some slowly, some starting from above, some from below, some in different tonalities, some softly, etc. all in the same amount of time that we could run through the exact same pattern, tempo, and dynamic across all twelve keys. By varying how we practice each activity on the horn, we become more skilled players, not only warming up, but also improving.
An effective warm up ultimately comes down to trust. Can we trust that we will be ready to play whatever we encounter after our warm-up? Yes. Can we trust that we will improve and not stagnate in our abilities if we warm up gently? Yes. This might mean saving some time later in the day for more strenuous musical calisthenics. It may mean adjusting the order, range, and time spent on our exercises. Each person is unique in their warm-up needs. Some virtuosos warm up in such impressive ways that would leave the rest of us injured just attempting to get through it! Yet they sound fresh and prepared for the incredible feats they perform on the horn that day. Still, other virtuosos warm up in a limited amount of time and within an intermediate-level range to feel prepared. Some don’t warm up at all! It is individual, but the principle remains: our warm-up can and, for most of us, should be gentle and empowering. Burn ups won’t prepare us, nor will they make us better.
May you find what warm up works best for you in your journey on our fabulous instrument!
The International Horn Society Composition Contest
Encourage your favorite composer to submit works to the 2024 Composition Contest.
The winner of each division will receive a prize of $1250 U.S.D. The winning compositions will be performed or featured, if possible, at an International Horn Society Workshop. The winning composers will have the option of having the work published by the IHS Online Music Sales.
For the 2024 Contest the Instrumentation of the Divisions follows:
FEATURED DIVISION:
- Compositions for Solo Horn (alone/unaccompanied)
VIRTUOSO DIVISION:
- Compositions for Solo Horn with Vocal Ensemble
- Compositions for Horn Ensemble (two or more players, all horns)
- Compositions for solo horn and keyboard instrument. (Keyboard instruments may include piano, harpsichord, organ, electronic keyboard, or mallet percussion.)
- Compositions featuring Horn with chamber ensemble of three or more players (one horn part only). (The chamber ensemble may include any combination of electronic instruments, acoustic instruments and/or voices. Electronic instruments may be live or pre-recorded. Acoustic instruments may include Wagner Tuben.)
- Compositions featuring Solo Horn featured with large ensemble. (The large ensemble may include any group of electronic, acoustic instruments and/or voices. Electronic instruments may be live or pre-recorded. Acoustic instruments may include Wagner Tuben.)
Information and application procedures may be found at-
https://www.hornsociety.org/about-the-ihs/composition-projects/composition-contest
Entries must be received no later than December 1, 2024.
For more information about the International Horn Society’s Composition Projects, please see the Book: The International Horn Society: The First 50 Years: Chapter Four: The I.H.S. and New Music for Horn, as well as reading the ongoing reports in The Horn Call—including articles in previous issues. Also, please attend the International Horn Society Composition Contest Program on Wednesday, July 31, 2024, at our Symposium IHS56: Horns on The Horizon.


